Last Updated on October 22, 2023 by Kevin Chen
A diode is a polarized two-terminal electrical component that conducts current in a certain direction and inhibits current flow in the other because its resistance is ideally zero in one direction and infinite in the other. Two terminals, an anode, and a cathode are among these components. Thus, Schottky diode, light-emitting diode, PN junction diode, Zener diode, constant current diode, and many other types of diodes are available for use in various electrical and electronic projects. So, in this post, we’ll look at one of the different types of constant current diodes and how they perform in applications. However, before we can properly grasp this, we must first explain what a diode is.
What is a Diode?
A diode is an electronic device with two electrodes: an anode and a cathode. Germanium, Silicon, and selenium are the most common semiconductor materials used in diodes. Metal electrodes are used in some diodes, which are housed in a chamber that is either evacuated or filled with a low-pressure pure elemental gas. Rectifiers, voltage regulators, signal limiters, switches, signal modulators, signal demodulators, signal mixers, and oscillators are all examples of diodes’ applications.
The tendency of a diode to conduct electric current solely in one direction is its fundamental feature. Current flows through the diode when the cathode is negatively charged compared to the anode at a voltage higher than the forward break-over value. The diode does not conduct current if the cathode is positive in relation to the anode, has the same voltage as the anode, or is negative by less than the forward break-over voltage. This is an oversimplification, but it holds true for switches, rectifiers, and limiters. For silicon devices, the forward break-over voltage is about six-tenths of a volt (0.6 V), for germanium devices, it’s 0.3 V, and for selenium devices, it’s 1 V.
Regardless of the above general rule, if the cathode voltage is sufficiently positive compared to the anode voltage, the diode will conduct current. The voltage necessary to cause this phenomenon, called the avalanche voltage, varies a lot depending on the semiconductor material used to make the device. The voltage of an avalanche can range from a few volts to several hundred volts.
The waveform of an analog signal is altered when it travels through a diode that is near or at its forward break-over point. Modulation, demodulation, and signal mixing are all possible thanks to the nonlinearity of the system. Furthermore, harmonics, or integral multiples of the input frequency, are formed. Negative resistance is a term used loosely to describe a property found in some diodes. This sort of diode generates analog signals at microwave radio frequencies when a voltage at the correct level and polarity is applied.
When infrared transmission (IR), visible light, or ultraviolet (UV) energy meets semiconductor diodes, they can be engineered to generate direct current (DC). Photovoltaic cells are diodes that are used to power solar panels and photosensors. When current runs through a diode, it emits visible light or infrared energy, which is extensively employed in electronic and computer equipment. The light-emitting diode (LED) is one such gadget (LED).
Working of Diode
Electrons make up the majority of charge carriers in the N-type area, whereas holes make up the minority. The majority of charge carriers in the P-type area are holes, while negative charge carriers are electrons. Diffusion occurs in the majority of charge carriers due to the concentration difference, and they recombine with the opposing charge. It can produce either a positive or negative ion. They congregate along the intersection. The depletion region is the name given to this area.
- This type of diode is linked to reverse bias when the anode or p-type of the diode is connected to a negative terminal and the n-type or cathode is connected to the positive terminal of a battery.
- This type of diode is linked to forward bias when the anode or p-type terminal is connected to a positive terminal and the n-type or cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
Forward Bias
Biasing is the process of connecting a semiconductor to an outside source. This type of junction is considered to be forward-biased when the p-type semiconductor is connected to the positive terminal of the source or battery as well as the negative terminal to the n-type.
The direction of the applied electric field and the built-in electric field at the junction are opposite in forwarding bias. This indicates that the generated electric field is smaller than the built-in one. As a result, the resistivity is reduced, and the depletion region becomes thinner. The resistance of the depletion area in silicon is completely negligible at a voltage of 0.6 V.
Reverse Bias
The positive terminal and the negative terminal are connected to n-type and p-type respectively in reverse biasing. The applied electric field, as well as the built-in electric field, is both in the same direction in this scenario, and the resultant electric field is larger than the built-in electric field, resulting in a more resistive depletion area. The depletion region becomes more resistant and thicker as the applied voltage grows bigger.
Unbiased Diode
An unbiased diode is one in which no external source is applied to semiconductors. The electric field between the p-type and n-type materials is developed across the depletion layer. Doping causes an imbalanced number of electrons and holes, which causes this. At normal temperature, the barrier potential of a silicon diode is 0.7V.
What is Constant Current Diode?
A constant current diode, or CCD, is a diode used to restrict or alter current to the greatest device value. The current regulating diode (CRD), and the current limiting diode (CLD), are diode names as well. A constant current diode protects a circuit from short circuits by supplying constant current. A constant current diode is represented by the symbol shown below.
Constant Current Diode Construction & Working
The constant current diode’s internal construction is given below. This diode contains an N-channel JFET transistor with its gate terminal shorted to the source, allowing it to function as a two-terminal current limiter or current source, similar to a voltage limiting Zener diode.
Unlike Zener diodes, these diodes maintain a constant current rather than a constant voltage. The passage of current via these diodes is unaffected by voltage fluctuations. These diodes are used with voltages ranging from 1.5 to 6 volts in forwarding biasing circumstances. Forward current is the current that is generated as a result of biasing (Ip). This diode can sustain the current value even if there is a change in input voltage and load resistance.
This diode, as its name implies, controls the passage of electricity through it to the highest possible levels. When you apply more current to this diode than it can handle, it fights back by lowering the voltage. A constant current diode protects a circuit from short circuits by supplying constant current. The constant current diode’s application circuit is illustrated below.
A Constant Current Diode, a battery, and a Laser diode or LED are used in the following circuit. The constant current diode is linked in series with a laser diode in the following circuit. When a voltage source is used to apply voltage to this diode, it controls current flow and ensures the required voltage is supplied to the laser diode, allowing the laser diode (LED diode) within the circuit to switch on.
The control point of this diode must be chosen to match the light-emitting diode, else the laser diode’s maximum forward current will be lost. This is especially true for laser diodes, but less so for LEDs, because typical LEDs are more tolerant of forward current changes. This diode can also be used to charge a small auxiliary battery.
Constant Current Diode Characteristics
The following are some of the features of a constant current diode:
- The characteristic curve of a constant current diode is divided into areas as shown above.
- The right half of the curve is forward biased in the diagram above. As a result, for voltages ranging from 0V to 6V, the forward current value remains stable.
- This current is referred to as regulator current and is represented by the letter ‘Ip’. For diodes in the 1N5283 to 1N5314 family, regulator currents vary from 220 mA to 4.7 mA.
- For a big current value, these diodes are used in parallel configurations.
- This diode works in reverse biased situations as compared to other diodes. The diode’s control method will begin at ‘VL’ also known as (limiting voltage) and go to the ‘POV’ (point of view) (peak operating voltage).
Advantages and Disadvantages
The following are some of the benefits of a constant current diode.
- There is no need for an additional voltage source, and this circuit is simple to construct.
- Even when the voltage fluctuates, these diodes maintain a constant current flow.
- Comes in a small, lightweight package.
- Low-voltage diode operation is continuous, while high-voltage harmonics are protected by the diode.
The following are some of the downsides of a constant current diode.
- Forward biasing is used to operate these diodes.
- High temperatures can damage these diodes.
- It has a low response rate.
- The noise level is high at high frequencies.
Other Types of Diodes
Schottky Diodes
Since of its features, a Schottky diode is employed in high-speed switching applications because it has a lower forward voltage drop than conventional diodes. Surface barrier diodes, Schottky barrier diodes, hot electron diodes, majority carrier devices, and hot carrier diodes are some of the other names for these devices. Walter H Schottky, a German physicist, was the inspiration for their names.
Shockley Diodes
PNPN diodes are another name for Shockley diodes. This diode was utilized in the next steps to develop thyristors principles. They only have two states: ON and OFF, which is why they’re called thyristors. The Shockley diode was discontinued in the 1950s due to its lack of utility. The model, on the other hand, aided in the development of thyristors such as the SCR, DIAC, and TRIAC.
Laser Diodes
An optoelectrical device, such as a laser diode, can transform electrical energy into light energy. They work in the same way as an LED; however, the laser diode emits coherent light rather than incoherent light. They are the tiniest lasers ever discovered, with sizes ranging from a fraction of a millimeter to a few hundredths of a millimeter.
Applications of Constant Current Diode
The constant current diode, also known as a current limiting diode, has a variety of uses.
- Different circuits, such as battery chargers, timing, and waveform generator circuits, require current limiting diodes.
- These diodes can also be utilized as constant current sources, which are commonly employed to power LEDs.
- The holding coils in telephone connection devices are replaced by these diodes.
- These diodes can be utilized in circuits where a long LED string is used, as well as in voltage variable sources such as bulbs.
- The current regulator diode, similar to the Zener diode, is primarily used to regulate current.
- The input to the solid-state relays is provided by these diodes.
- Its purpose is to safeguard circuits against over voltage.
FAQs
Who Invented Diodes?
The Fleming valve was the first genuine diode, discovered by John Ambrose Fleming in November 1904 in Great Britain. Wireless telegraph firms were the first to deploy diodes in the early twentieth century. Diodes are now one of the most important components in a variety of electrical devices and circuits.
What Are Diodes Made Of?
Today, silicon is utilized to make most diodes, although other semiconducting materials such as germanium and gallium arsenide are also used because of their semiconducting qualities. The material of a diode is influenced by the type of diode and the environment in which it is utilized.
Which Way Does The Current Flow In A Diode?
The current in a diode flows in one direction from the anode to the cathode. This is a one-way flow from positive to negative that cannot reverse.
Diodes are one-way components, which means current may only travel in one direction through them. Diodes have a forward bias because current can only flow in one direction: from positive to negative.
A diode can be thought of as an electronic one-way valve because it only enables current to travel in one direction. When this logic is applied to a one-way liquid valve, the liquid can only flow in one direction. This is exactly how a diode works!
Conclusion
This article will provide you with an insight into how a constant current diode works and how it may be used in various applications. This is an electronic device that regulates or limits current flow to a maximum value. As a result, this is a critical diode in the circuit since it protects against short-circuits and other negative effects.
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