A phototransistor is a semiconductor device that converts light into electricity. It is made of three parts: the light-sensitive layer, the base, and the emitter. The light-sensitive layer, which is usually silicon or germanium (Ge), consists of two parts: intrinsic semiconductor material and an extrinsic semiconductor material, which is usually p-type (positive charge carrier) or…
Chips are the microprocessors, memory, and other electronics that make up the hardware of almost any modern device. Without them, there would be no smartphones, laptops, tablets, smart speakers, drones, or pretty much any other digital device you can think of. As the demand for smaller devices continues to increase and manufacturers explore ways to…
With the rapid development of electronic products, PCB manufacturers have managed to keep up with the massive demand. To put it from a layman’s perspective, it is now common for buyers to argue about the colors of the PCB. And this is where the whole issue of black PCB comes in. What do you mean…
There are different types of induction motors. One of them is the single phase induction motor. This is a special type of induction motor which needs to be started using an external force. This motor is not self-starting. This means that it cannot start on its own. It needs an external force to start rotating.…
Image credit: wikihow.com Most people think of a multimeter as a device that measures voltage, resistance, and maybe even frequency. However, a multimeter has many more uses than that. You can also use it to measure amps (alternating current) or AC current. Even though most multimeters don’t come with an amps measurement as one of…
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is a modulation technique used in digital signal processing. PAM involves the use of two separate signals: a carrier signal and a modulating signal. The carrier signal is the steady, unvarying element of the pair that remains constant at all times. The modulating signal acts as the dynamic element of the…
Any digital electrical circuit will mostly contain pull-up & pull-down resistors if you look it over. When there is no input condition, they are employed to properly bias digital gates’ inputs to prevent them from floating around arbitrarily. Pull-up and pull-down resistors use input and output signals for any microcontroller in an embedded system like…
The term “color code” or “color code system” refers to a method of displaying information using various colors. In a color-coding system that the UK has adopted, the color red denotes danger, and the color white denotes safety. Similarly, the color code is employed in other systems, including navigation, the military, electronics, video games, social…
Printed circuit boards are used in all electronics and gadgets we use daily. A single layer or multiple layers can be used to create PCBs. The many layers, the design, and prospective applications must be the subject of many questions for you as a PCB designer. We have written this comprehensive reference on PCB layers…
The circuit breaker is tripped by a distance relay, an essential component. Rather than the circuit breaker, the relay can trip the circuit in low-rated power system circuits. The circuit breaker and relay working together protect distribution and transmission systems. Relays are divided into categories based on how they operate. We have relays that operate…